Este blog es sobre las artes liberales. En realidad, debería tener una página al menos en la cual expusiera mis ideas sobre las artes liberales, o al menos dar una definición. En cambio, voy a remitirme sin pudor a los clásicos. Francis Bacon escribió una colección célebre de ensayos que incluye uno “sobre los estudios”. El estilo es claro, cadencioso y categórico. En él se encuentra mucho de lo que los humanistas ilustrados entienden por las artes liberales: estudios que forman hábitos liberadores. El siguiente texto es mi traducción del ensayo.
Francis Bacon: De los estudios
Los estudios sirven para el deleite, el adorno y la habilidad. Su principal uso como deleite está en la vida privada y el retiro; como adorno, en el discurso; y como habilidad, en el juicio y la organización de los negocios.
Porque hombres expertos pueden realizar tareas y quizá juzgar sobre cuestiones particulares, una por una; pero los consejos generales así como el diseño y la organización de los asuntos surgen mejores de los que han estudiado.
Dedicar demasiado tiempo al estudio es signo de pereza; usar el estudio en exceso para el adorno es una afectación; juzgar sólo con base en las normas de lo estudiado es el temperamento de un erudito.
Los estudios perfeccionan la naturaleza y son a su vez perfeccionados por la experiencia: porque las habilidades naturales son como plantas silvestres que necesitan ser podadas por medio del estudio; y los estudios en sí mismos indican derroteros demasiado remotos, al menos de que sean limitados por la experiencia.
Los hombres prácticos desdeñan los estudios, los hombres simples los admiran y los hombres sabios los usan; porque no enseñan su propio uso, sino que existe una sabiduría sin y más allá de ellos, obtenida por medio de la observación.
No se debe leer para contradecir ni refutar; ni para creer y darlo por hecho; ni para encontrar tema de conversación; sino para ponderar y considerar.
Algunos libros son para ser saboreados, otros para ser devorados, y algunos pocos para ser mascados y digeridos; es decir, algunos libros son para ser leídos por partes; otros para ser leídos pero no curiosamente; y algunos para ser leídos enteramente, con diligencia y atención. Algunos libros también se pueden leer por encargo y resúmenes de ellos hacer por medio de terceros; pero eso sólo sería en caso de argumentos menos importantes y libros menores; en todos los demás casos, los libros destilados son como las aguas destiladas comunes, cosas extravagantes.
La lectura hace un hombre completo; la consulta un hombre preparado; y la escritura un hombre exacto. Por lo tanto, si un hombre escribe poco requiere de una gran memoria; si consulta poco requiere de una mente ágil; si lee poco requiere de mucha astucia para poder pretender saber cuando no sabe.
Las historias hacen hombres sabios, las poesías ingeniosos, las matemáticas sutiles, las ciencias profundos, la moral solemnes, la lógica y la retórica hábiles para la confrontación. Abeunt studia in mores [los estudios se transforman en carácter].
No, no hay dificultad en la inteligencia que no se pudiera resolver con estudios adecuados; como las enfermedades del cuerpo que pueden tener ejercicios apropiados. Los bolos son buenos para los cálculos y los riñones; el tiro al blanco para los pulmones y el pecho; caminar ligeramente para el estómago; cabalgar para la cabeza; y así sucesivamente. Así que, si la inteligencia de un hombre se distrae debe estudiar las matemáticas; porque en las demostraciones, si su mente se distrae aunque sea un poco, tiene que comenzar de nuevo. Si su ingenio no es apto para distinguir o encontrar diferencias, debe estudiar a los escolásticos; porque ellos son cymini sectores [los que parten semillas/ los que hilan delgado]. Si no es capaz de repetir un ejercicio y de hacer uso de una cuestión para probar e ilustrar otra, debe estudiar los casos de los abogados. Así, cada defecto de la mente puede tener su propia receta.
Fuente: Bacon, Francis. The Essays Or Counsels, Civil And Moral, Of Francis Lord Verulam Viscount St. Albans. La colección de ensayos en inglés se puede encontrar aquí.
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